The ion exchange process percolates water through bead-like spherical resin materials (ion-exchange resins). Ions in the water are exchanged for other ions fixed to the beads. The two most common ion-exchange methods are softening and deionization. Softening is used primarily as a pretreatment method to reduce water hardness prior to reverse osmosis (RO) processing. The softeners contain beads that exchange two sodium ions for every calcium or magnesium ion removed from the softened water.

Deionization systems are comprised of two separate resin columns: cation exchange and anion exchange. The cation exchange resin exchanges hydrogen ions (H+) for all the other cations in the water. The anion exchange resin exchanges hydroxide ions (OH-) for all of the other anions. The result is pure deionized water (H2O).

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